King Michael's Coup

King Michael's Coup refers to the coup d'etat led by King Michael of Romania in 1944 against the pro-Nazi Romanian faction of Ion Antonescu, after the Axis front in Northeastern Romania collapsed under the Soviet offensive.

Contents

The coup

On August 23, 1944, King Michael joined with pro-Allied opposition politicians (who included the communists) and led a successful coup with support from the army. Michael, who was initially considered to be not much more than a "figurehead", was able to successfully depose the dictator Ion Antonescu. The king offered a non-confrontational retreat to German ambassador Manfred Freiherr von Killinger, but the Germans considered the coup "reversible" and tried to turn the situation around by military attacks. The Romanian First Army, the Romanian Second Army (under formation), the remnants of the Romanian Third Army and the Romanian Fourth Army (one corps) were under orders from the king to defend Romania against any German attacks. The king then offered to put Romania's battered armies on the side of the Allies.

Aftermath

The coup sped the Red Army's advance into Romania.[1] It is estimated that the coup shortened the war by as much as six months.[2]

The complexities of negotiations between the USSR and United Kingdom postponed formal Allied recognition of the de facto change of orientation until September 12. During this time, Soviet troops started moving into Romania, taking approximately 140,000 Romanian prisoners of war. About 130,000 Romanian POWs were transported to the Soviet Union, where many perished in prison camps.[1]

The armistice was signed three weeks later on September 12, 1944, on Soviet terms[1] and effectively amounted to a capitulation to the Soviets.[3]

In October 1944 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe in spheres of influence after the war. The Soviet Union was offered a 90% share of influence in Romania.[4]

Article 18 of the Armistice Agreement with Rumania stipulated that "An Allied Control Commission will be established which will undertake until the conclusion of peace the regulation of and control over the execution of the present terms under the general direction and orders of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, acting on behalf of the Allied Powers. The Annex to Article 18, specified that "The Rumanian Government and their organs shall fulfill all instructions of the Allied Control Commission arising out of the Armistice Agreement." It also made clear that The Allied Control Commission would have its seat in Bucharest. In line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement two Romanian People's Tribunals were set up to try suspected war criminals.[5]

The Romanian Army ended the war fighting alongside the Soviets against Germany and its remaining allies. They fought in Transylvania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. In May 1945, the Romanian First and Fourth Armies took part in the Prague Offensive. The Romanians suffered a total of 169,822 casualties (all causes) fighting on the Allied side.[6]

Ion Antonescu was placed under arrest; the new Prime Minister, Lt. General Constantin Sănătescu, gave custody of Antonescu to Romanian communists who would turn the former dictator to the Soviets on September 1.[7] He was returned to Romania, where he was tried and executed in 1946.

For his actions, king Michael was decorated with the Soviet Order of Victory by Stalin "for the courageous act of the radical change in Romania's politics towards a break-up from Hitler's Germany and an alliance with the United Nations, at the moment when there was no clear sign yet of Germany's defeat," in 1945. He was also awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Harry S. Truman a year later.[8] Nevertheless, he functioned as little more than a figurehead under the communist régime and was finally forced to abdicate and leave the country in 1947. Michael remained in exile until after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and was only allowed to return in 1992.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Country Studies: Romania. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress
  2. ^ Constantiniu, Florin, O istorie sinceră a poporului român ("An Honest History of the Romanian People"), Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1997, ISBN 973-9243-07-X
  3. ^ "Hitler Resorts To 'Puppets' In Romania", Washington Post, August 25, 1944
  4. ^ The dividing up of Europe
  5. ^ The Armistice Agreement with Rumania
  6. ^ (Romanian) Romulus Dima, Contribuţia României la înfrângerea Germaniei fasciste, Bucureşti, 1982
  7. ^ "Marshal Ion Antonescu" Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War
  8. ^ (Romanian)(English) Armata Română în Al Doilea Război Mondial.
  9. ^ RFE/RL: World War II -- "60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides", May 6, 2005